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Paget's disease of the breast affects your nipple and its surrounding skin (areola). It's easy to mistake the signs and symptoms for skin irritation (dermatitis) or another noncancerous (benign) skin condition of the nipple.

Possible signs and symptoms of Paget's disease of the breast include:

• Flaky or scaly skin on your nipple
• Crusty, oozing or hardened skin resembling eczema, on the nipple, areola or both
• Redness
• Itching
• A burning sensation
• Straw-colored or bloody nipple discharge
• A flattened or inverted nipple
• Affected areas beyond the nipple and areola
• A distinct lump underneath the nipple and areola
• Skin and nipple changes usually in one breast only
• Fluctuating skin changes early on, making it appear as if your skin is healing on its own

On average, a woman may experience signs and symptoms for six to eight months before a diagnosis is made.

When to see a doctor
Check your nipple and areola on both breasts on a regular basis, such as during breast self-exams. If you feel a lump or see skin irritation that persists for more than a month, see your doctor.

If you're being treated for a skin lesion on your breast, and the condition doesn't resolve with treatment, make a follow-up appointment with your doctor. You may need a biopsy — a procedure that collects a small tissue sample for microscopic analysis — to evaluate the affected area.

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Doctors don't know what causes Paget's disease of the breast. But one widely accepted theory is that Paget's disease of the breast results from an underlying ductal or invasive breast cancer. Cancer cells from the original tumor travel through milk ducts to the nipple and its surrounding skin (areola).

Another theory suggests that normal cells on the surface of your nipple spontaneously transform into cancer cells. In rare cases of Paget's disease of the breast, no underlying breast cancer can be found.

©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.

Risk factors that affect your likelihood of developing Paget's disease of the breast are the same factors that affect your risk of developing any other type of breast cancer.

Some factors that make you more susceptible to breast cancer include:

• Aging. Your chances of developing breast cancer increase as you get older.
• A personal history of breast cancer. If you've had breast cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast.
• Family history. If you have a mother, sister or daughter with breast or ovarian cancer or both, or even a male relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of also developing breast cancer.
• Genetic predisposition. Defects in one of several genes, especially BRCA1 or BRCA2, put you at greater risk of developing breast cancer as well as ovarian and colon cancers.
• Radiation exposure. If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, you're more likely to develop breast cancer later in life.
• Excess weight. Weighing more than is healthy for your age and height increases your risk of breast cancer — especially if you gain that weight after menopause. Also, significant weight gain during puberty is linked to increased risk of breast cancer later in life.
• Exposure to estrogen. The longer you're exposed to estrogen — which circulates in higher levels in your body from menstruation to menopause — the greater your breast cancer risk. Early menstruation, occurring before age 12, or late menopause, occurring after age 55, prolongs your exposure to estrogen. Taking estrogen, such as for hormone replacement therapy, also increases the risk of breast cancer for some women.
• Race. White women are more likely to develop breast cancer than black or Hispanic women are, but black women are more likely to die of the disease.

Having one or more risk factors doesn't necessarily mean you'll develop breast cancer. Most women with breast cancer have no known risk factors.

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Your initial appointment might be with your family doctor. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred directly to a doctor who specializes in treating breast conditions.

What you can do
To prepare for your appointment:

• Take note of all your symptoms, even if they seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
• Make a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements that you regularly take.
• Write down questions to ask your doctor. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out.

What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor may ask you questions about:

• The nature of the skin changes on your nipple
• Whether you also experience nipple discharge
• If you have any other breast signs and symptoms, such as a breast lump or area of thickening
• If you have any breast pain

©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.

Tests to evaluate your condition may include:

• Clinical breast exam and physical exam. During this exam, your doctor checks for unusual areas in your breasts, noting the appearance of the skin on and around your nipples and feeling for any lumps or areas of thickening.
• Mammography. Undergoing mammography — an X-ray exam of your breast tissue — may indicate whether the nipple and skin changes are also linked to an underlying breast cancer, as is often the case in Paget's disease of the breast. Even if results from mammography don't reveal any signs of breast cancer, your doctor may want to follow up with alternative imaging tests, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to be certain there's no underlying breast cancer.
• Breast biopsy. During a biopsy, your doctor obtains a small sample of tissue from the skin of your nipple for examination under a microscope. If you have nipple discharge, a sample of the discharge might also be collected for microscopic examination. If cancer cells are detected in the samples collected, you may be referred to a breast surgeon to discuss treatment options.

©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.

Paget's disease of the breast usually requires surgery. Which type of surgery you need depends on the condition of the skin around your nipple and how advanced the underlying cancer is.

Surgical options include:

• Simple mastectomy. This procedure involves removing your entire breast, but not the lymph nodes in your armpit (axillary lymph nodes). Simple mastectomy might be recommended in cases in which an underlying noninvasive breast cancer exists but hasn't spread to the lymph nodes.
• Lumpectomy. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) involves removing only the diseased portion of your breast. Your surgeon removes your nipple and areola along with a wedge- or cone-shaped section of your breast. The surgeon focuses on removing as little breast tissue as possible, while ensuring that the tissue removed includes an outer margin free of cancer cells so that only healthy cells remain. Lumpectomy to treat Paget's disease of the breast almost always requires follow-up radiation therapy as adjuvant treatment. Lumpectomy wouldn't be recommended if you can't have radiation therapy for some reason. Nipple reconstruction may be an option after your treatment.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Anytime invasive breast cancer is present, the lymph nodes under your arm (axillary lymph nodes) need to be checked to see if the cancer has spread to this area. This can be done in a procedure known as a sentinel lymph node biopsy.

During the biopsy, your surgeon locates the sentinel nodes — the first lymph nodes to receive the drainage from breast tumors and therefore the first place cancer cells will travel. If a sentinel node is removed, examined and found to be normal, the chance of finding cancer in any of the remaining nodes is small and no other nodes need to be removed. If the sentinel node tests positive for the presence of cancer cells, you may need to have more lymph nodes removed.

Adjuvant therapy
After your operation, your doctor may recommend additional treatment (adjuvant therapy) with anti-cancer drugs or hormone therapy to prevent a recurrence of your breast cancer. This depends on the extent of your breast cancer and whether the tumor tests positive for certain characteristics, such as having estrogen or progesterone receptors.

©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.

You can't avoid certain risk factors for breast cancer, such as your age, genetics or family history. But other factors that could increase your chances of developing breast cancer are well within your control. Healthy lifestyle habits, such as getting enough exercise, limiting alcohol and eating right, may offer you some protection from breast cancer.

Certain medications and surgical procedures may help reduce your chance of developing breast cancer. Preventive medications do have potential side effects, however, and risk-reducing surgery isn't the best option for everyone. Discuss your personal risk of developing breast cancer with your doctor and ask whether you would be a candidate for some therapy that may reduce that risk.

©1998-2009 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.