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India's border areas have seen considerable unrest in recent years. From high in the Himalaya to the low-lying tropics, the long line of control has claimed countless lives.

Sections of the border have been in dispute since the British carved up the subcontinent in 1947, creating India and Pakistan.

Kashmir talks have been stalled due to an Indian demand that Pakistan end support for Muslim rebels,

On the western front India has accused Bangladesh of war crimes following a border clash which left 16 soldiers dead.

As India conducts its biggest military exercises in a decade on Pakistan's border areas, the alarm bells are ringing in Islamabad.

New Delhi appears to be sending a message to its neighbors that it is taking its frontiers seriously.

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Pakistan border exercises
The war games involving both the air force and the army aim to prepare soldiers for nuclear, biological, or chemical warfare involving two separate division-size exercises.

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Kashmir
The Indian ceasefire announced last year has not curbed escalating violence. A call for dialogue with separatists has also been rejected. Tri-partite talks between Pakistan, Kashmir and India have been suggested.

India-Bangladesh
Recent fighting has left 19 dead. The confrontation was sparked by the occupation of a narrow strip of land by Bangladeshi forces on the southern fringe of the Indian state of Meghalaya. Bangladesh is recruiting 20,000 guards to safeguard its frontier. The 4,000-km (2,500-mile) border was formed when East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971.

McMahon Line
Despite many attempts to negotiate a settlement, this border dispute has not yet been resolved. Between 1959 and 1962 Chinese troops consistently crossed the line, seizing border posts and capturing Indian troops. In 1962 the Chinese withdrew. The region became Arunachal Pradesh in 1972, and India's 24th state in December 1986.

Aksai Chin
A barren plateau in Ladakh on the Chinese border, it was claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir but was never properly surveyed. Chinese forces penetrated the area between 1956-57 and built a military road linking Sinkiang and western Tibet. India's belated discovery of this road led to clashes and the Sino-Indian war of October 1962.

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