The closest thing on Earth to a mission to Mars

Kumar has visited Concordia twice to date, for both the ESA and the White Mars project, and spoke of his experiences at the recent World Extreme Medicine Expo in London. The effects of stress, changes in immunity and adapting to darkness are just a few of the challenges being explored.

The ESA is using the Concordia, and Antarctica as a whole, to reveal how well the human body will cope on the long journey to Mars.

A return mission to Mars is expected to take two to three years.

"Antarctica is the windiest, highest, driest continent on Earth," says Kumar, who has felt the effects of living there on both his mind and his body.

"You're cut off from the rest of the world and in winter, completely cut off as no flights go in or out," he adds.

Multiple factors make Concordia similar to a journey into outer space, including the long time in confinement, abnormal day and light cycles, extremely dry air, low oxygen levels, limited supplies, no access to services, and general exposure to danger. But according to Kumar, one of the most difficult aspects is the everyday monotony.

"There's no variation in the environment, it's dark, it's white, and it's bland. It's monotonous and people really underestimate that," says Kumar. The environment lacks any sounds, smells, or sights to keep the mind stimulated. So far, the main solution has been exercise but Kumar used writing and photography to keep his brain occupied and free of the effects of sensory deprivation.

"You're so far removed it feels like you're standing on another planet," says Kumar.

NASA teams have previously used this southern expanse of ice to prepare their astronauts and scientists. "It's good to experiment there," says Mike Barratt, physician astronaut at NASA, who once spent six days living in a cave to gain insight into the impact of isolation.

"The psychological effects are huge," says Barratt. These typically manifest themselves as depression and psychosis from the extreme isolation. When surrounded by such baroness, with no recognizable features, people can be left feeling distant and alone. "That sense of isolation is strong," he says.

Astronauts eventually undertaking a Mars mission would be expected to spend two years or more in confined and harsh environments, so any changes in the brain and its behavior will be crucial to gauge before the journey.

The lack of daylight when wintering in Antarctica can wreak havoc on the body clock, which uses daylight to maintain its 24-hour cycle. When daylight is removed, the body goes haywire.

"Your hormones start to get misplaced and this causes chaos switching you from Los Angeles to Timbuktu to Fiji time zones week by week," says Kumar, who is also a research fellow at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland.

Such disruption can lead to people stopping eating and their brain no longer functioning effectively.

The conditions bring other problems: When placed in this stark, cold environment, the body becomes stressed and adapts to manage this -- with dramatic consequences.

"When you confine people and put them in a stressed environment you see immune changes," says Barratt. Astronauts are checked and quarantined prior to spaceflight to overcome this, but long-duration space flight could see new situations arising. "There are a lot of immune factors that change," says Barratt.

Kumar has seen people's health change dramatically over the Antarctic winter as their hearts struggle to cope and stress levels go up. He hopes to find out why this takes place and one day prevent it from happening. "That's a major aim of Antarctic research," says Kumar. "If we can find counter measures against both cognitive decline and physiological change that can be adapted to help people reach Mars."

But one factor in space flight that's missing in Antarctica is the lack of gravity. Two NASA astronauts are currently exploring the impact of zero gravity for long periods of time in a one year mission on the International Space Station (ISS), which began in March 2015. But with prolonged time in space comes greater risk, such as exposure to solar radiation, which makes Antarctica a safer -- and closer -- option for larger scale research.

Barratt formerly ran NASA's human research program and the first of his two journeys into space was for just over six months. "There's not a whole lot you can do to prepare for zero gravity," he says.

In terms of preparation, Kumar thinks Antarctica may be enough. As he puts it: "Ultimately it's the same as space -- you have a small group of people stuck in a tin can."