Getting kids to connect across racial — and geographic — lines

Much of the talk about structural racism has begun to focus on how implicit bias grows in and impacts children. Parents have to start early if they're going to cultivate a generation rooted in empathy and fairness, Khalaf and others have said, not just by exposing children to lives and worlds outside their own, but helping them grow deep connections to them.

What makes such connection particularly challenging in the United States is what separate lives children lead. Less than 13% of White students attend schools where kids of color form the majority of the population, yet almost 70% of Black children attend such schools — and more than 70% of Black students are in high-poverty schools.

Such divisions create "a fertile breeding ground for misunderstanding, hatred and violence," Khalaf said. "So many of us have lost the ability to navigate difference, and it's become so easy to dehumanize the other."

To really live integrated lives, people need diverse and integrated schools and neighborhoods and activities, he said, but that will take some time. For now, there are ways for children to connect to peers from different backgrounds and to cultivate empathy.

Empatico's own research found an "empathy sweet spot" between the ages of 6 and 11, when children have a sense of their own identities and social categories but their prejudices against other groups haven't hardened. "They're open to influence in ways that start to close as they grow older," Khalaf said. But what happens as kids age?

"Often the question is, 'If they were interacting across racial lines in second and third grade, why aren't they doing it in the seventh and eighth?" said Beverly Daniel Tatum, former president of Spelman College and author of "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" "They were all mixing up and invited to other's birthday parties. At 12, 13, 14 they're not anymore."

There are many reasons for this, she said. Kids are often tracked into ability groups, and too often, kids of color are relegated to the lower academic rungs.

Meanwhile, older kids start to separate into "affinity groups," often sticking with kids who are like themselves. For Black kids, this often has to do with how differently they're treated as they grow up, and their encounters with racism.

"People start responding to them differently," Tatum said. "The Black boy who everybody thought was cute when he was seven — at 15, maybe now people think he's dangerous, and the feedback he's getting from the world is different."

For a young Black man, the experience of watching the video of George Floyd's murder is profoundly different than it is for a White child, for whom it's not a preview of what could happen.

"White kids have the privilege of not thinking about racism, so they don't know what to do when their friends of color are confronted with it," Tatum said. "If a White child has learned that language, has learned the concepts and can speak about race, that White child is likely to be able to preserve that friendship."

Sticking to your own affinity group "is a coping strategy for kids of color," Tatum said. And yet, "getting kids from different racial groups to connect and understand each other is part of creating a more equitable and just society."

Older kids can have just as profound experiences finding connections with new and different people. Girls With Impact, a live, online entrepreneurship program, is now connecting girls in 40 states.

"The girls in my class were from all across the U.S.," said Kayli Cooper, 15, a Girls With Impact graduate, who is from Los Angeles. "Culturally, there was a lot of difference, but also some of the girls' ventures had to do with their personal challenges."

Cooper is Black, but she encountered White kids with plenty of privilege but with physical differences and disabilities, or LGBTQ kids in challenging environments. The girls connected by helping each other with their ventures.